Systems and methods for replenishing fuel-cell-powered portable devices

ABSTRACT

Portable electronic devices such as portable telephones, portable computers and the like may obtain power from fuel cells that consume fuel from fuel stores of the portable devices. A network of refilling stations permits users of portable devices to main the devices operational by frequently topping up the fuel stores. Payment systems combine payments for fuel with larger payments for other transactions to avoid the overhead of processing individual payments for very small amounts.

TECHNICAL FIELD

This invention relates to portable devices that use fuel cells, or other energy conversion devices, to obtain electrical power from fuel. The invention relates particularly to systems and methods for replenishing fuel reservoirs in such portable devices.

BACKGROUND

Portable electronic devices such as cellular telephones, music players, portable computers, personal digital assistants, digital cameras, video camcorders, radio receivers, radio transceivers, navigation devices, combinations of these, and the like are becoming indispensable tools for business and personal affairs. Such devices are referred to herein as “portable devices” or “portable electronic devices”. Portable devices are small and lightweight enough to be carried conveniently by a person. There is increasing demand for portable devices that are very compact, light in weight and yet full featured.

Most portable electronic devices are powered with electricity from batteries. Primary batteries must be replaced once their energy has been consumed. Although they are convenient, primary batteries can be unacceptably expensive for devices that have high energy requirements. Making and disposing of primary batteries both create waste that could harm the environment.

Secondary batteries can be used multiple times and recharged after each use. However, recharging can be inconvenient. The rate at which batteries can be charged safely is limited. Most recharging technologies require from minutes to hours to recharge a secondary battery. Although better secondary battery technologies are being developed, secondary batteries tend to be heavy and can degrade over time. Frequent fast or partial charging can cause the performance of rechargeable batteries to degrade at an accelerated rate.

Fuel cells convert energy from a fuel, such as hydrogen or methanol, into electricity. Fuel cells are an attractive power source for portable electronic devices, in part because they have the potential to provide higher energy densities than most battery technologies. Thus, a fuel-cell-powered device can potentially offer extended runtime and/or higher power output than a comparable battery-powered device. Another advantage of fuel-cells for powering portable devices is that refuelling can be accomplished much more quickly than recharging a storage battery. Fuel cell performance remains relatively constant under a wide range of working conditions.

Several fuel cell technologies being developed for portable applications supply fuel in replaceable fuel cartridges. The fuel cartridges are not refillable by a user. Examples of such cartridge-based technologies include:

-   Mobion™ from MTI MicroFuel Cells Inc. of Albany N.Y. -   The power supplies being developed by Medis Technologies Ltd. of New     York, N.Y. -   U.S. Pat No. 6,665,549 discloses a system for replenishing power     sources for mobile devices that may include a fuel cartridge     dispenser. -   U.S. Pat No. 6,326,097 discloses micro fuel cell power chargers that     include disposable fuel ampoules or refillable fuel tanks. -   US 2004/0146769 discloses a fuel cell cartridge for portable     electronic devices. -   US2004/0151962 discloses a fuel cartridge for direct methanol fuel     cells. -   US2005/0023236 discloses a fuel cartridge with a flexible liner that     is connectable to a fuel cell. -   US2005/0074643 discloses fuel cartridges for fuel cells. -   US2005/0022883 discloses a fuel cartridge with a connecting valve     for connecting the fuel cartridge to a fuel cell or to a refilling     device.

A device that requires pre-filled fuel cartridges for operation has many of the same disadvantages as a device that uses primary batteries for power. Multiple cartridges must be purchased and kept on-hand to maintain the operation of the device. The cost of cartridges becomes a major consideration, especially when used in high power demand devices. The cost of a cartridge can be significantly more than the cost of the fuel contained within the cartridge because cartridges must safely contain the fuel and provide reliable mechanisms to keep the fuel inside the cartridge until it is desired to supply the fuel to a device and then to connect to the device without leaking fuel. Further, cartridges should be replaced only when the current cartridge is fully spent. A cartridge that is not completely spent will contain waste fuel with economic, environmental and possibly safety implications for disposal

Experience with primary batteries suggests that users will find pre-filled cartridges satisfactory only if the time between cartridge replacements is long or the cost of cartridges is extremely low. Achieving either of these objectives is difficult. Designing inexpensive cartridges is difficult because such cartridges must safely contain flammable fuels. Designing cartridges that are long-lasting requires either large volumes or more-expensive fuel storage technologies.

Some fuel-cell-powered devices have on-board fuel tanks. The on-board fuel tanks can be refilled with fuel before they are emptied. Fuel can be added to an on-board fuel tank either through application of a field refuelling cartridge or through the use of a fixed refuelling station. For example:

-   US 2005/008908 describes a portable hydrogen storage device that can     be used to transfer hydrogen fuel to a portable electronics device     such as a laptop computer. -   US2005/0155668 describes a refilling system for fuel cells. -   US2004/0175599 discloses fuel cell replenishment using a cartridge. -   US2004/0072049 discloses a fuel container and delivery apparatus for     a liquid feed fuel cell system. -   US2004/0205032 describes a network of refilling stations for     hydrogen-powered vehicles. -   U.S. Pat No. 6,755,225 discloses a transportable hydrogen refilling     station for dispensing gaseous hydrogen from high pressure tanks. -   US2003/0021743 discloses a fuel cell refueling station and system.

Providing a portable device having a refillable fuel reservoir does not provide a complete solution to the above problems because of the high cost of refuelling stations relative to the portable devices that they service. Even having a home refuelling station is not ideal since a portable device may run low on fuel while its user is not at home.

While portable devices powered by fuel have a number of advantages, some of which are outlined above, there is a need for a cost-effective and convenient way to replenish the fuel supplies in such devices.

SUMMARY

The inventor considers that a system including a network of geographically distributed stations for replenishing the fuel in portable devices would make it very convenient to use such devices. Such a system could exploit the fact that a device can be refilled with fuel in a time that is much shorter than the time that would be required to recharge a secondary battery. There is a significant capital cost associated with a refuelling station. This cost typically far exceeds the initial cost of a fuel- powered portable device. Therefore, individual users are unlikely to be able to justify the purchase of a refuelling station. Further, even if the user did purchase a refuelling station, the portable device would need to be brought to the refuelling station each time it is required to fill the portable device with fuel. This would be inconvenient.

A further obstacle is that a typical portable device can accept only a relatively very small amount of fuel at one time. Refuelling a vehicle, such as a car, may involve transferring on the order of 500,000 WHr of energy. By contrast, a complete refuelling of a portable fuel cell powered device may involve a transfer of on the order of 10 WHr or even less energy. Partial, top-up, refuelings may involve the exchange of even less energy. While a vehicle refuelling transaction is significant enough to support the overhead associated with processing payment, processing payment for a refuelling transaction for a low-powered portable device would involve costs that are out of proportion to the size of the transaction.

The inventor has developed a business model and associated systems and methods that can make it viable to provide and support a network of geographically distributed stations for replenishing portable devices with small amounts of fuel. The availability of such a network may provide enhanced convenience for users of portable electronic devices by eliminating reliance on either primary or secondary batteries. By providing ubiquitous refuelling stations, such a network can permit the almost instantaneous ‘top up’ of fuel tanks in portable devices at times most convenient to users. The use of such a network can eliminate the overhead costs and potential wastefulness of cartridge only refuelling.

Various example embodiments of the invention which illustrate additional aspects and features of the invention are described below.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Example embodiments of the invention are illustrated in the appended drawings. The embodiments disclosed herein are to be considered illustrative rather than restrictive.

FIG. 1 is a schematic view of a system according to a simple embodiment of the invention;

FIG. 2 is a schematic view of recharging station and POS terminal that are interconnected to provide a means for automatically adding a cost for a refuelling transaction to another transaction.

FIG. 3 is a flow chart illustrating a method that may be performed in conjunction with the systems of FIG. 1 or FIG. 2.

FIG. 4 is a schematic view of a system according to another embodiment of the invention in which payments for refuelling transactions are processed by an independent billing system, such as a billing system for a telephone company.

FIG. 5 is a flow chart illustrating a method that may be performed in conjunction with the system of FIG. 4.

FIG. 6 is a schematic view of a system according to another embodiment of the invention wherein refuelling is made available to pre-authorized portable devices.

FIG. 7 shows a schematic view of a refilling station of a type that could be used in refilling systems.

DESCRIPTION

Throughout the following description specific details are set forth in order to provide a more thorough understanding to persons skilled in the art. However, well known elements may not have been shown or described in detail to avoid unnecessarily obscuring the disclosure. Accordingly, the description and drawings are to be regarded in an illustrative, rather than a restrictive, sense.

This invention provides systems that include a network of geographically-distributed stations for refilling portable devices with fuel. The stations may be used to rapidly refuel or top-up fuel tanks on small fuel-powered devices. When such systems include a large number of refuelling stations in a wide range of convenient locations, a user of a portable fuel-powered device will find it simple and convenient to keep the device charged with fuel so that the user can enjoy uninterrupted operation of the device. The fuel-powered devices may comprise fuel cells that generate electricity to operate the portable devices. By way of example, the device may be a portable fuel-cell-powered portable telephone, music player, personal digital assistant, digital camera, video camcorder, computer, radio receiver or transceiver, power tool, or any other fuel-powered portable device. In some cases a user may replenish fuel stores in one, two, or more portable devices using the refuelling stations of the network.

Setting up and maintaining a network of refuelling stations for portable devices may involve significant expense. Users will use such a network only if it is both convenient and affordable. There are various ways that a user may pay for access to such a network. These include:

-   Paying an amount determined by the quantity of fuel consumed. -   Paying a flat rate for each refill or top up (with a possible     maximum quantity of fuel allowed per refill or top-up). -   Paying a set amount for access to the network during a specified     time frame. -   Paying for (or being potential customers for) another product or     service and obtaining access to the network as an incident thereof.     The example systems described below support various of these payment     mechanisms.

In cases where a separate payment is made each time a portable device is refilled the system must accommodate the problem that each separate payment is relatively very small. Portable devices can typically only carry a small amount of fuel with a low intrinsic value. A typical payment amount may be only a few cents, for example. In some cases, a payment could even be a fraction of a cent. The overhead associated with processing such small payments can be out of proportion to the amount of the payments. FIGS. 1, 2 and 4 illustrate systems that can avoid or eliminate this problem.

The various embodiments described herein are examples only. Features of these embodiments may be combined or altered in ways that will be understood to those skilled in the in light of this disclosure.

FIG. 1 shows a system 100 that comprises a plurality of refilling stations 102. Each refilling station 102 is located at a retail establishment 106A, 106B, . . . 106N (collectively establishments 106) at which goods or services are sold to members of the public who include prospective users of system 100. Each retail establishment 106 includes a cash register or POS terminal 104 used to process sales transactions for the retail establishment 106.

In the embodiment of FIG. 1, when a customer of a retail establishment 106 makes a purchase of one or more products or services, an employee of the retail establishment 106 processes payment for the purchase using POS terminal 104 in a payment transaction. The customer may optionally choose to refill a portable device 108 with fuel (this may involve filling an internal reservoir in the portable device 108 or filling a refillable cartridge that can be connected to the portable device 108) using the refilling station 102 of the retail establishment 106 (in the illustrated example, the customer is at retail establishment 106A). If the customer makes this choice then a suitable amount is added to the payment transaction, which is then processed. The customer may make payment by credit card, debit card, prepaid card, cash, cheque, or any other mode of payment accepted by the retail establishment. The act of refilling the portable device from the refilling station may be performed while the payment transaction is being carried out. For example, refilling may be performed in 30 seconds or less since only a small quantity of fuel must be transferred to the portable device. Therefore, a user will not need to spend significant additional time to have their portable device refilled with fuel.

It can be appreciated that combining the payment for refilling a portable device 108 with payment for some other good(s) or service(s) avoids incurring overhead for processing a separate payment transaction for refilling the portable device with fuel. The system may permit users to purchase fuel refills for a portable device in a transaction separate from any other transaction. A premium price may be applied to such separate transactions to account for the overhead in processing the separate transaction.

The system illustrated in FIG. 1 has a number of other advantages including:

-   A cashier operating POS terminal 104 can also connect the portable     device 108 to refilling station 102 and oversee the refuelling of     portable device 108. The cashier may be provided with appropriate     training. This avoids the problems that some jurisdictions may have     regulations which do not permit self-service dispensing of certain     fuels by untrained consumers. -   Since there is substantially no overhead associated with processing     payment for the refuelling, the cost for refuelling may be kept     small, thereby making it practical for users of portable devices to     refuel the portable devices frequently. If the cost per refuelling     transaction is very small then a user will be comfortable to top up     the fuel supply in a portable device even if the portable device is     far from being empty of fuel.

Operation of system 100 may be facilitated by providing a button 109 or other user interface control on POS terminal 104 that is pre-programmed or otherwise configured to add a small set amount for refilling a portable device to the current sales transaction.

FIG. 2 shows schematically a retail establishment 106 having a recharging station 102 that is coupled to a POS terminal 104 by interface 112. Interface 112 facilitates automatically adding the cost for a refilling transaction to another purchase transaction. In one embodiment, when recharging station 102 operates to refill the fuel reservoir in a portable device 108, interface 112 carries a signal 114 indicating that a refill has been performed. In response to signal 114, POS terminal 104 adds an appropriate payment amount for the refill transaction to another payment transaction for the customer and subsequently processes the payment transaction.

Signal 114 may include information that specifies the payment amount to be charged for the refilling transaction. Optionally, refilling station 102 comprises a fuel meter 116 that measures the amount of fuel dispensed to refill a portable device. In this case, signal 114 may encode information indicating the amount of fuel dispensed. The precise character of signal 114 will depend upon whether refills are to be charged at a flat rate or based upon a measure of the volume of fuel delivered and also upon how determination of the payment amount to be charged for the refill is distributed between refilling station 102 and POS terminal 104. For example signal 114 may:

-   simply indicate that a refill has been performed by refilling     station 102; -   encode a flat-rate payment amount to be added by POS terminal 104 to     a payment transaction; -   indicate an amount of fuel transferred to a portable device 108 (POS     terminal 104 can then compute a payment amount that could be based     entirely or in part on the amount of fuel transferred); or -   encode a payment amount based entirely or in part on the amount of     fuel transferred to be added by POS terminal 104 to a payment     transaction.

Signal 114 may be generated by control circuits (which may include a programmable controller executing software instructions) of refilling station 102 and may be received by a data processor in POS terminal 104.

In the alternative, or additionally, interface 112 may carry signals 115 from POS terminal 104 to refilling station 102. Refilling station 102 may be configured to require a suitable signal 115 authorizing it to operate before it is operable to refill a portable device 108.

Interface 112 may comprise any suitable wired or wireless interface capable of conveying signals 114 and/or 115 between refilling station 102 and POS terminal 104.

In the network of FIG. 1, some or all of retail establishments 106 may have an interface 112 connecting POS terminal 104 to refilling station 102.

FIG. 3 shows a method 130 that may be practised in conjunction with network 100 of FIG. 1. In block 132 a payment transaction for goods or services is initiated. Block 132 may comprise a cashier beginning a new transaction at a cash register or other POS terminal. In block 134 a portable device is refilled with fuel at a refuelling station. In associated block 136 a payment amount for refilling the portable device is generated. Block 136 may be performed automatically by way of an interface connecting a refilling station to a POS terminal or entirely or partly manually, for example, by a cashier manually entering a charge for refilling at a cash register or a cashier pushing a programmed button on a POS terminal. In block 138 the payment amount for refilling is combined into the payment transaction. In block 140 the payment transaction is processed to pay for both the goods and/or services and refilling the portable device. In typical embodiments, the payment transaction for the goods and/or services is for an amount of money that is much greater than the payment amount for refilling the portable device. Typically the payment for the goods and services exceeds the payment amount for refilling by a factor of 40 or more and in many cases by a factor of 200 or more.

In optional step 137A an amount of fuel transferred to the portable device is measured. In optional step 137B the payment amount for refilling the portable device is computed based upon the measured amount of fuel transferred. The timing of the various blocks in method 130 can be varied. Blocks 132 and 136 can be performed simultaneously or in any order prior to block 138. Block 134 may be performed before, during or after blocks 132, 136 and 138. In preferred embodiments, block 134 is performed concurrently with some or all of blocks 132, 136 and 138.

Consider the following example. Retail establishment 106A is a coffee shop. A customer at the coffee shop has a fuel-cell-powered portable telephone that uses hydrogen gas as a fuel. The user orders a large cup of coffee priced at $1.50 and a muffin priced at $1.75. Noticing that retail establishment 106A has a refilling station 102, the user requests a fuel refill. The cashier of retail establishment 106A rings in the user's coffee and muffin purchases, connects the user's portable telephone 108 to refilling station 102 and presses button 109 on POS terminal 104. In response to the press of button 109, POS terminal 104 adds 2¢ to the current transaction. When the cashier indicates that the transaction is complete, POS terminal 104 computes and adds applicable taxes to the $3.27 in charges. The user pays for the entire transaction with a debit card.

An hour later, the user stops at retail establishment 106B, which is a newsstand, to purchase a magazine and a chocolate bar. The operators of the newsstand allow customers free use of refilling station 102 to promote sales. Even though the user's portable telephone was filled at retail establishment 106A and could run for several more hours without refilling, the user (or the cashier of the newsstand) connects the user's portable telephone 108 to refilling station 102 and tops up its fuel supply. This results in the transfer of only a small amount of fuel, however, the user has the comfort of knowing that the portable telephone 108 is filled with fuel.

Two more hours later, the user stops at retail establishment 106C, which is an automobile filling station. The user fills his car with gas. When the user pays for the gas the cashier. The cashier connects the user's portable telephone 108 to refilling station 102 and presses button 109 on POS terminal 104. In response to the press of button 109, POS terminal 104 determines that the current transaction is over a threshold amount and so does not charge for refilling the portable telephone 108. If the gas purchase had been for less than a threshold amount, POS terminal 104 would have added a small amount (e.g. 1¢ to the amount of the transaction).

It is not necessary that all of refilling stations 102 be commonly owned or managed. Management of a retail establishment 106 may own, lease or rent a recharging station 102. In the alternative, recharging stations 102 may be placed by an independent business that places and services recharging stations 102 in much the same way that some businesses operate networks of vending machines. As network 100 becomes popular, retail establishments are motivated to have recharging stations 102 because customers will seek out retail establishments at which they can refill their portable devices with fuel.

Refilling stations 102 are not necessarily located only at retail establishments. Other establishments may provide refilling stations 102 for the convenience of their customers even if customers do not pay for goods and services each time they partake of services at the establishment. For example, gyms, clubs, bars etc. may provide refilling stations 102 as a service to their patrons.

In any of the embodiments described herein, it is particularly beneficial if retail establishments 106 include a wide range of different types of establishment such that a user who is going about his or her normal daily routine will likely do business with several of retail establishments 106 during the course of their day. It is particularly beneficial if refilling stations 102 are distributed geographically over a wide area so that a user can readily find a refilling station 102 wherever he or she goes within the area. It is also particularly beneficial if refilling stations 102 are fairly densely distributed within the area so that the user will not need to spend energy seeking refilling stations 102 but, with a high probability, will come upon refilling stations 102 frequently enough during the course of a typical day's activities that the user will never be at risk of running out of fuel for the portable device 108.

FIG. 4 shows a network 150 according to an alternative embodiment of the invention. Network 150 allows the refilling of portable devices with fuel to be authorized and/or paid for through the use of an outside billing system 152. The internal design of billing system 152 is not important. Billing systems suitable for telephone networks, internet service providers, utility companies, and the like are in common use and are well understood by those skilled in the art of their design.

There are at least three broad ways in which a filling station 102, device 108 and billing system 152 can cooperate automatically to authorize a filling station to provide fuel to a particular device 108. These are:

-   Refueling station 102 can negotiate with billing system 152 for     approval to fill portable device 108 after accessing information     from the device 108 to be refueled. -   The device 108 to be refueled negotiates with billing system 152 for     approval (optionally after accessing information from the refueling     station 102), and then communicates an approval key to the refueling     station 102.

The device 108 to be refueled is ‘pre-approved’ and communicates a pre-approval key to refueling station 102.

Any of these mechanisms can be implemented in a way which makes it unnecessary for the user to follow, or even to know any details about, the process of authorizing a filling station 102 to transfer fuel to a user's portable device 108.

Outside billing system 152 may be a system on which users of portable devices already have accounts for some other purpose. The outside billing system may bill for goods or services related to the operation of the portable device. For example, the portable device may comprise a portable telephone and the outside billing system may be a billing system of a telephone company, the portable device may comprise a music player and the billing system may be the billing system of a music provider, or the like. Outside billing system 152 may be associated with one or more of:

-   a loyalty program; -   a credit program; -   a debit program; -   a pre-payed service plan; -   or the like.

Network 150 comprises a plurality of fuel filling stations 102. Only a one filling station 102 is shown. A system 150 would typically have dozens, hundreds or thousands of refilling stations 102. Each portable device 108 to be refuelled by filling stations 102 of network 150 has an identifier 154. Identifier 154 comprises information stored within or otherwise associated with a portable device that can be communicated to billing network 152 to verify that the portable device is authorized to use the filling stations 102 of network 150 and/or to identify an account to which refilling costs can be charged.

Identifier 154 may optionally include information about one or more of: the portable device, its fuel requirements, its energy source, procedures for transferring fuel to the portable device, a resource identifier for a source of external information relating to the portable device.

In one embodiment, filling stations 102 include readers 158 that read information from the identifiers 154 of a portable device that are presented to the filling station 102 for filling. The filling station can communicate with billing system 152 by way of a communication path 160. Filling station 102 makes a request to billing system 152 to fill a portable device 108. The request includes information from or based on information from the identifier 154 of the portable device 108. Billing system 152 checks the request to determine whether the portable device is authorized to be filled (e.g. to check whether there is an account on billing system 152 associated with the portable device 108 and/or whether any account restrictions as to factors such as time of day, day of week, time since last refill or the like have been met. If so, billing system 152 sends a message to filling station 102 authorizing the filling station 102 to refill the portable device 108 with fuel. If not, billing system 152 does not authorize operation of the filling station and the transfer of fuel from the filling station to the portable device does not proceed.

As with system 100 described above, a payment amount for refilling a portable device 108 may be a flat rate amount or may be based on an amount of fuel transferred to the portable device 108. If the payment is based upon an amount of fuel transferred to the portable device then filling station 102 communicates information indicative of the amount of fuel transferred to billing system 152.

Communication of information from identifier 154 to filling station 152 may be performed using any suitable wired or wireless communication technology. Many alternative kinds of identifier 154 may be used. Some examples are:

-   optical bar codes; -   optically-readable text, numbers or other indicia; -   smart chips; -   data stored in a memory accessible to a processor of the portable     device; -   mechanical keys; -   electronic identifiers communicating either using a hardwired     connection or via some sort of wireless (IR, RF) communication; -   RFID Tags; and, -   the like.

Communication path 160 may comprise a wide area network, the internet, a telephone line, a wireless connection or some combination of these, for example.

Other embodiments take advantage of communication capabilities of portable device 108 which may, itself, have communications capability. Such embodiments are practical where portable device 108 is a portable telephone, portable computer with wireless connectivity, e-mail appliance, or the like. In such embodiments, portable device 108 may gather information regarding a refilling station 102 to which it is connected and automatically negotiate a refilling transaction with billing system 152.

Portable device 108 sends a service request 157 to billing system 152. Service request 157 may be based upon both information about the portable device 108, which may be obtained from internal identifier 154, and information 155 regarding the filling station 102. Information 155 may comprise information from an identifier stored in or associated with filling station 102 or geographical coordinates of filling station 102 as determined by a global positioning system 162 associated with portable device 108, for example. Information 155 could be a very simple piece of information (connected/not connected) or could comprise a more detailed set of information comprising one or more of:

-   information about the state of refilling station 102; -   information about the cost for refilling the portable device using     the filling station 102; -   combinations of these; and, -   the like.

Billing system 152 returns a digital key 159 to the portable device 108. Portable device 108 provides the digital key 159 or information derived from the digital key 159 to the refilling station 102. In response to receipt of digital key 159, refilling station is made operable to refill portable device 108 with fuel.

Portable device 108 may communicate with refilling station 102 in any suitable manner. Some possible examples are:

-   a short range infrared communication link; -   a short range wireless link such as a wireless link operating on the     Bluetooth protocol; -   an optical or electrical connection made when portable device 108 is     engaged with refilling station 102; or -   the like.

Service request 157 may be carried in any suitable manner and have any suitable format. In some embodiments, service request 157 comprises a telephone call made to a telephone number associated with billing system 152. The telephone number is set up so that calls to the number automatically result in a small charge in an appropriate flat rate refuelling amount being added to the account of the calling party. This may use existing mechanisms for charging for telephone calls. In other service request comprises transmitting digital data to billing system 152.

The key 159 provided by billing system 152 may, for example, be encrypted using a suitable public key encryption system.

The system is preferably set up to permit a user to pay for use of the system together with other services. For example, payment could be based on any of:

-   a flat rate for use of the system during a certain calendar period; -   a rate determined in whole or in part by the number of times a user     has refilled a portable device during a billing period; -   a rate determined in whole or in part by an amount of fuel received     by a user's portable device(s) during a billing period -   or the like.

An advantage of embodiments which exploit communications capabilities of portable devices 108 is that, in such embodiments, it is not mandatory to provide refilling station 102 with a communications system that would permit communication directly between refilling stations 102 and a remote system. All that is required is some way for refilling station 102 to communicate with portable device 108.

FIG. 5 is a flow chart illustrating a method 190 that may be performed in conjunction with system 150 of FIG. 4. In block 192 a user connects a portable device 108 to a filling station 102. In block 194 the portable device receives information that at least can be used to identify the filling station 102. In block 196 the portable device generates and forwards to a billing system a service request. In block 198 the billing system 152 verifies from information in the service request that the portable device is entitled to be refueled (e.g. that the user of the portable device 108 has a current account on billing system 152). In block 200 billing system 152 generates and forwards to portable device 108 a digital key and in block 201 creates a transaction record. Block 201 may include creating a debit for a payment amount for the fueling transaction and applying the debit to an account with which the portable device 108 is associated. Creating a debit is optional if the user has a flat-rate or “unlimited” plan. In block 204, portable device 108 provides the digital key to filling station 102. In block 206 filling station 102 verifies the digital key. In block 208 filling station 102 operates to refill portable device 108 with fuel.

Method 190 can be varied. It can be seen that the basic scheme of method 190 is:

-   A user determines that a fueling transaction is desirable; -   A relevant external billing system or ‘approval authority’ is     identified and a service request is made; and, -   Upon approval, the filling station transfers fuel to the portable     device.     Method 190 may have additional features. For example: -   There may be some required reporting back to the billing system. -   There may be a negotiation between the portable device and the     filling station to determine whether a refueling transaction is     possible or desirable. A refueling transaction could not be     performed in situations such as: the portable device is already full     of fuel, the refilling station has no fuel or is not operating     properly, the refilling station is incompatible with the portable     device for some reason etc.

Prior to invoking method 190 the user and/or portable device 108 must be known to billing system 152. In some embodiments this is accomplished by:

-   Forming a customer account on billing system 152. In many     embodiments, the customer account is an account that relates to a     pre-existing business relationship between the user and a service     provider that relates to some service other than permitting access     to refilling stations for portable devices. For example, the     customer account may comprise an account for cellular telephone     service or the like. -   After forming the customer account on billing system 152 providing     portable device identification information for a portable device 108     of interest on billing system 152. The portable device     identification information may comprise a serial number or other     unique information retrieved from a portable device 108 and/or     information generated at or for billing system 152. -   Linking the portable device identification information to the     customer account. In some cases the portable device is automatically     associated with a customer account (e.g. in the case of a cellular     telephone or e-mail appliance). -   Placing a copy of the portable device identification information in     identifier 154 of the portable device 108 (unless it is already     there).     In some embodiments an authorization sequence is stored in the     portable device 108. In such embodiments, the authorization sequence     may be performed by the portable device or copied to a filling     station and performed by the filling station to enable services to     be provided by a filling station to the portable device 108 of     interest.

System 150 may be used in cases where a portable device 108 is associated with a pre-authorized refuelling plan that does not require separate payments for each refuelling transaction. For example, a user of portable device 108 may pay a monthly rate for access to network 150 or may be entitled to access network 150 as an incident to having purchased a package of services such as a cellular telephone plan, an internet service provision agreement, a contract with a utility company or the like. In such embodiments, billing network 152 does not need to track payment amounts for each time a portable device 108 is refilled at a refilling station 102. Billing network 152 verify that the portable device 108 is authorized to access system 150 and, if so, can authorize filling station 102 to refill the portable device 108 with fuel.

In the example embodiments of FIG. 4, each portable device 108 has its own identifier 154 and information from that identifier 154 is automatically exchanged with a billing system 152. Although it is less desired, in some embodiments a fuel powered portable device may be associated with a particular billing account by way of direct user interaction. For example, a user may provide identification information by:

-   swiping a credit card or other identification through a reader     associated with a refilling station 102 (see FIG. 7); -   entering a password at a user interface associated with a refilling     station 102 or the like.     In such embodiments, a billing system can authorize the refilling     station to operate to refill a portable device 108 to which it is     connected if the information provided by the user indicates that the     user is authorized to use the system.

In cases where a portable device 108 has been pre-authorized to receive fuel from network 150 on a flat-rate basis, the portable device 108 may carry internally a key 159. In such embodiments necessary for portable device 108 to communicate with billing system 152 only during the initial acquisition of key 159. Subsequently, during each refilling transaction it is only necessary for the portable device 108 to provide the key 159 to the refilling station 102 to which it is connected and for filling station 102 to verify that the key is still valid. Filling station 102 may have a key verification system 161 for this purpose. If key verification system 161 determines that the key is valid then filling station 102 can operate to transfer fuel to the portable device 108. Otherwise filling station 102 will not operate. A key 159 may comprise encrypted information that includes an expiry date, for example. An example embodiment in which a key 159 is carried internally in a portable device 108 is shown in FIG. 6.

A refilling station 102 for use in any of the systems described herein may have any suitable construction and may dispense any suitable fuels. Some examples of fuels that may be distributed by such a system include hydrogen gas and methanol. Similarly, the mechanisms by which portable devices 108 consume fuel is not important to the invention. Portable devices 108 could use the fuel to generate electricity in fuel cells of types now known or types to be discovered in the future. In alternative embodiments, portable devices could use fuel for energy in other ways.

FIG. 7 shows a schematic view of a refilling station 240 of a type that could be used in systems for refilling portable devices with fuel. Refilling station 240 includes a fuel connector 242 for connecting to a portable device 108 (a filling station 240 could optionally have multiple different fuel connectors for delivering fuel to portable devices having different kinds of connector for receiving fuel), a fuel reservoir 244 containing fuel 246 to be dispensed, and a valve system 248 that optionally includes a fuel meter. A controller 250 controls valve system 248 to dispense fuel to a connected portable device 108. Controller 250 may comprise a programmed microprocessor, for example.

Instead of, or in addition to, internal fuel reservoir 244, filling station 240 could be connected to an external supply of fuel. In the further alternative, filling station 240 could include a fuel generator. For example, filling station 240 could include a cell for generating hydrogen gas by the electrolysis of water.

Filling station 240 also has a communication port 252 for exchanging information with a connected portable device 108 and, in some embodiments, a communication port 254 for exchanging communication with a remote system such as a billing system 152, or a management system 260 that monitors the status of filling station 102 and arranges requests for maintenance of filling station 102, when required. In the illustrated embodiment, filling station 102 has a keypad 261 and card reader 262 for receiving information from a user as well as a display 263 for providing instructions to a user and for providing information regarding the status of any fuel transfers or other service operations being performed by the filling station 240.

Filling station 240 may optionally include features for verifying compatibility with specific portable devices 108 and/or other safety features. For example, filling station 240 may comprise one or more of:

-   A mechanism to ensure that only fuel of a correct type is delivered     to a portable device. -   A mechanism for verifying that the filling station 240 is compatible     with a particular type of portable device. -   A mechanism for verifying that the portable device is in a condition     in which it can receive refuelling or some other service from the     filling station 240. -   A mechanism for verifying that the portable device is properly     interconnected to the filling station 240. -   A mechanism to limit the rate at which fuel is delivered to a     portable device 108 to a rate that is safe for that portable device     108. The rate may be set based upon information retrieved by the     filling station from the portable device 108. -   A mechanism to inhibit refilling if the portable device (or its     fuel) is at a temperature above a threshold or if environmental     conditions make it unsafe to transfer fuel to the portable device. -   A mechanism for retrieving from a portable device 108 or from     another data store accessible to the refuelling station a fuel     transfer sequence for a portable device 108. For example, such a     sequence may specify cool down periods during or after fuel     transfer, a variable rate for fuel transfer, a set pressure for fuel     transfer, or the like.

Some portable fuel-powered electronic devices require service operations in addition to refuelling. Some examples of such service operations include:

-   performing diagnostics on a fuel cell or other power system; -   reconditioning fuel cell catalysts; -   extracting spent fuel residues; -   cleaning fuel cell components; -   providing software upgrades; and -   the like;     A refilling station 102 may include facilities for performing one or     more service operations in addition to replenishing a fuel supply of     a portable device 108.

In cases where regulations permit self-service refuelling of portable devices 108, a system according to the invention may include some self-serve fuel vending machines in addition to filling stations of the type described above. Such vending machines could accept direct payment for fuel. Such vending machines could be provided in locations where there is sufficient demand for fuel to outweigh the costs and inconvenience to the user associated with processing payment transactions for individual fueling transactions. Such vending machines can be similar in construction to refilling stations 102 or 240 with the addition of a payment acceptance mechanism. Examples of means of payment that could be accepted by a fuel vending machine include cash, prepaid tokens, prepaid electronic debit cards or other means of instantaneous payment. Such systems are common in the vending industry and are therefore not described herein. A vending machine could also operate either as a filling station 102 for portable devices 108 associated with accounts on a billing system or the like and as a vending machine for portable devices 108 not associated withe such accounts.

A refilling station may be combined with other automatic service-provision machines such as automatic teller machines (ATMs), vending machines selling food, drink or other commodities, other networks of stationary kiosk-type service devices, or the like. For example, bank machines are distributed in broad networks over many physical locations on multiple continents. A user engaged in a transaction with a bank machine is by definition in communication with a billing/financial transaction network. A fuel cell service station could readily be added as a peripheral device to the bank machine. Association of a refilling station with the banking machine or other network kiosk extends user convenience by allowing refuelling to be completed during other regular transactions. Billing and/or authorization for refilling the portable device may be combined with and/or use facilities (such as communication links, billing systems etc.) provided primarily for the normal transaction being completed.

It can be seen that the embodiments described herein permit charges for fueling portable devices to be paid for together with other goods and services and/or paid for in a lump sum. This avoids the problem that the overhead associated with processing payments individually for very small amounts of fuel could add costs similar to or greater than the value of the fuel transferred. Further, the cost of refilling transactions can be determined by a previously-negotiated rule. Users will not have to think twice about refilling portable devices. Also, rules governing the fuel cell—service station transaction (e.g. rules relating to whether a particular portable device is entitled to receive fuel from a particular filling station 102) can be piggybacked onto rules governing the provision of other services relating to the portable device (such as cellular telephone services, wireless internet access services or the like) or other services relating to the filling station (such as retail services being provided at the location of the refilling station).

A system as described herein can facilitate various types of business transactions that can benefit consumers and businesses alike. For example, users of fuel-cell-powered cellular telephones may purchase a ‘fueling contract’ when they buy a cellular telephone (or later). In this case, a cellular telephone user is relieved from needing to discretely negotiate and pay for every refuelling or service transaction. Instead, the user pays once for an overall contract for provision of services. As with billing for different cellular telephone services, it is possible to create different and preferential plans for charging for fueling.

For example, a service provider might provide the following refueling plans:

-   an ‘unlimited refueling’ plan permitting a portable device 108 to be     refueled at any refilling station 102 that is within a given     geographical area at any time; -   a ‘refueling on weekends and evenings’ plan which only permits     refueling on weekends and evenings; -   a ‘roaming refueling’ plan that permits refueling at refilling     stations 102 located in geographical areas remote from a home area.     A refuelling plan may include other options that involve prepaying     for refuelling as an up front cost. Alternatively, a user could     purchase a fixed amount of fuel with an additional cost associated     with fuel usage beyond this initially budgeted amount. Note that in     the unlimited fueling options, simpler technology can be provided in     refilling stations 102. Where the user cost does not depend upon an     amount of fuel transferred, it is not necessary for billing purposes     to meter accurately, or at all, the amount of fuel being provided to     individual portable devices. Different plans could cause refilling     to occur at different rates. For example, devices of users who     subscribe to a premium plan may be refueled at a high rate whereas     devices of users who subscribe to a low-cost plan may be refueled at     a slower rate.

Providers of mobile services, such as cellular telephones, can extend their business to include the provision of fuel and related services. Therefore it becomes possible for current providers of information services to extend the business into the provision of portable energy.

A system of refilling stations, as described herein, in combination with one of the business structures described herein can result in radical changes in consumer behaviour and surprisingly significant improvements in the convenience with which consumers can use portable electronic devices of a wide variety of types. Such systems can support rapid refuelling and ‘top up’ refuelling. Prior technologies require users to purchase expensive batteries or to charge storage batteries. These technologies strive to maximize the time until it becomes necessary to endure the inconvenience of charging or replacing batteries.

Systems according to this invention facilitate frequent topping up of fuel supplies with virtually no inconvenience to users, since the topping up can be performed concurrently with some other transaction that the user will perform anyway. Refilling a portable device 108 can typically be completed in less than the time it takes to complete most regular transactions that users might become involved in.

A consumer who is in the habit of topping up a cellular telephone: while they buy a cup of coffee, when they buy groceries, when they are dealing with a bank teller, when they stop at the hardware store, when they pay for a meal at a restaurant, when they pay for a purchase of fuel for a car, etc. can enjoy continuous use of their cellular telephone without having to worry about running out of power. As long as the user does business of some kind at a location that has a refilling station 102 at least as frequently as a full charge of fuel lasts, the user's cellular telephone will never need separate attention as it will always be fuelled.

It can be seen that the embodiments described above permit a method for operating a portable fuel-consuming device. The method involves:

-   During a period of several hours or a day or more (e.g. to a few     hours, to about 18 hours or to about 48 hours, or more) carrying the     portable device while the device is in an operational state in which     it consumes fuel from an internal fuel store and using the portable     device. -   During the period, transacting commercial transactions at each of     several different businesses. Each of the businesses having a     filling station capable of providing fuel to the portable device.     Typically, the businesses include businesses of several different     types. -   Substantially concurrently with transacting each of the commercial     transactions connecting the portable device to a filling station of     the business with which the transaction is being made and     transferring some fuel into the fuel store of the portable device.     This step is commenced while the fuel in the fuel store of the     portable device is partially filled. -   Paying for refilling the portable device either in the same payment     transactions as payments for the commercial transactions or in the     same payment transaction or transactions for some other service that     the user of the portable device has contracted to receive. In     preferred embodiments the amounts of payments for refilling the     portable device are very much smaller than the total amount of the     payment transaction in which it is included.

The businesses may include any businesses at which users may visit to conduct transactions. For example, the businesses may include:

-   coffee shops; -   restaurants; -   newsstands; -   banks; -   grocery stores; -   automobile service stations; -   repair shops; -   telephone showrooms; -   hardware stores; -   book stores; -   bakeries; -   clothing stores; -   department stores; -   stores selling parts for automobiles or other products; -   etc.

The technology described herein removes a time barrier associated with refueling or recharging that has precluded this type of transaction in the past. A second barrier to this fast refueling being deployed is the inordinate bother and cost associated with negotiating the financial aspect of the refuelling transaction, since the actual cost of these top up fuelings will be very low.

It can be appreciated from the foregoing that the ability to ‘top up’ (e.g. partially refill) a system at low cost and with minimal effort can provide very significant benefits in comparison to a model in which a user replaces fuel cartridges when the cartridges are empty. A user can refill a portable device any time that the user is at a refilling station. At that point, the user knows that the device will continue to run for its full run-time. A cartridge replacement model of operation requires the user to travel with a spare cartridge at all times and be ready to switch when needed, or to make a decision to partially waste the contents of a partially spent cartridge in order to guarantee operation for a specified time period. A home-based refueling model is even worse, requiring that the duration of operation be always shorter than the time it will take to get back home again.

Both the provider of the service, whether the provider is a retailer, a cellular telephone provider or a separate legal entity that manages a network of refilling stations 102 and the consumer benefit. This business model facilitates the deployment of refuelling infrastructure since retailers and other businesses will wish to provide refuelling stations for the purpose of attracting customers.

The operator of a network of refilling stations 102 can benefit in at least the following ways:

-   Opportunity to distribute fuel on a large scale; -   Opportunity to move a business into refueling, with long term growth     in non-petroleum fuels; -   Opportunity to earn revenue through a high volume of individually     small transactions; -   Opportunity to earn revenue through sales of service contracts; -   Opportunity to attract users of fuel-consuming portable devices to     other business operations; -   Opportunity to replace the consumption of primary batteries and     electrical power that may be generated from fossil fuels with the     consumption of hydrogen or other clean fuels; -   Opportunity to develop the fuel cell industry by making fuel for     fuel-cell powered devices conveniently and affordably available to     consumers; and, -   Opportunity to provide an incentive to customers by providing free     refuelling as a loss-leader or consumer premium.

While a number of exemplary aspects and embodiments have been discussed above, those of skill in the art will recognize certain modifications, permutations, additions and sub-combinations thereof. It is therefore intended that the following appended claims and claims hereafter introduced are interpreted to include all such modifications, permutations, additions and sub-combinations as are within their true spirit and scope. 

1. A method for making available to users of fuel-powered portable devices fuel for the portable devices, the method comprising: entering an agreement with a user to make available to the user fuel for a fuel-cell-powered portable device of the user; receiving a request for authorization to transfer fuel from one refilling station of a system comprising a plurality of geographically-distributed filling stations to the portable device of the user; and, authorizing the request.
 2. A method according to claim 1 wherein the agreement specifies a rate for making fuel available to the user that is independent of any amount of fuel transferred to the portable device of the user.
 3. A method according to claim 1 comprising combining a payment amount for making the fuel available to the user with a payment amount for another service and billing the user for an amount of the combined payment.
 4. A method according to claim 1 comprising creating a debit associated with the user in a payment amount associated with transferring the fuel from the one refilling station to the portable device of the user.
 5. A method according to claim 1 wherein the fuel comprises hydrogen gas.
 6. A method according to claim 1 wherein the plurality of geographically-distributed filling stations include filling stations located at each of a plurality of retail establishments.
 7. A method according to claim 1 wherein the portable device comprises an identifier and the method comprises transmitting information from the identifier to an authorization system and authorizing the request to replenish the supply of fuel in the portable device comprises generating a response to the request at authorization system.
 8. A method according to claim 7 wherein the authorization system is constituted at least in part by a billing system of an entity with which a user of the portable device has a contract for services.
 9. A method according to claim 8 wherein the contract for services relates to services delivered at least in part by way of the portable device.
 10. A method according to claim 7 wherein the portable device has a wireless data communication capability and transmitting information from the identifier to the authorization system comprises transmitting the information by way of the wireless data communication capability of the portable device.
 11. A method according to claim 8 comprising receiving the information from the identifier of the portable device at the filling station wherein transmitting information from the identifier to the authorization system comprises transmitting the information by way of a data communication capability of the filling station.
 12. A method for maintaining a fuel-powered portable device in an operational state, the method comprising: during a period of time, carrying the portable device while the device is in an operational state in which it consumes fuel from an internal fuel store and using the portable device; during the period, transacting commercial transactions at each of several different businesses, each of the businesses having a filling station co-located with the business, the filling station capable of providing fuel to the portable device; substantially concurrently with transacting each of the commercial transactions, and commencing while the fuel store of the portable device is partially filled, connecting the portable device to a filling station of the business with which the transaction is being made and transferring some fuel into the fuel store of the portable device.
 13. A method according to claim 12 wherein each of the commercial transactions involves making a payment to the business for the commercial transaction and a payment amount for refilling the portable device is processed in a common payment transaction with one or more of the payments for the commercial transactions.
 14. A method according to claim 12 wherein the payment amount for refilling the portable device is much smaller than an amount of the common payment transaction.
 15. A method according to claim 12 wherein a user of the portable device has pre-existing contract for services and a payment amount for refilling the portable device is processed in a common payment transaction with a payment made under the pre-existing contract.
 16. A method according to claim 15 wherein the pre-existing contract relates to services other than refilling provided by way of the portable device.
 17. A method according to claim 12 wherein the portable device is selected from the group consisting of: portable telephones, music players, portable computers, personal digital assistants, digital cameras, navigation devices, video camcorders, portable computers, radio receivers, radio transceivers, portable power tools, and combinations of these.
 18. A method according to claim 12 wherein the period has a length in the range of one hour to 48 hours.
 19. A method according to claim 18 wherein, during the period, the portable device consumes a total amount of fuel greater than a maximum capacity of the fuel store of the portable device.
 20. A method according to claim 12 wherein the businesses include businesses of several different types.
 21. A method according to claim 12 wherein the businesses include businesses of at least two different businesses types, the two different business types each selected from the group consisting of: coffee shops; restaurants; newsstands; banks; grocery stores; automobile service stations; repair shops; telephone showrooms; hardware stores; book stores; bakeries; clothing stores; department stores; and stores selling parts for automobiles or other products.
 22. A method according to claim 12 wherein each instance of transferring some fuel into the fuel store of the portable device is performed in 30 seconds or less.
 23. A method for providing services to a fuel cell system connected to a device, wherein the method comprises: forming a customer account on a system; forming a fuel cell system identifier for a fuel cell system connected to the device on the system; linking the fuel cell system identifier to the customer account; disposing a copy of the fuel cell system identifier on the device; generating an authorization sequence linked to the customer account for providing services by a service station to the fuel cell system; connecting the fuel cell system to the service station; generating a request for authorization to provide services from the service station to the system; generating a verification from the device to the service station confirming that the device can receive services; transmitting an authorization from the system to the service station, wherein the authorization approves the device for receiving the services; and, providing the services to the device at the service station based, or a terminating the request for service if the authorization is not received.
 24. A method for replenishing a supply of fuel in a portable device, the method comprising: connecting the portable device to a filling station and permitting the filling station to replenish the supply of fuel in the portable device; and, before, during or after permitting the filling station to replenish the supply of fuel in the portable device adding a payment amount for replenishing the supply of fuel in the portable device to a payment transaction relating to goods or services other than replenishing the supply of fuel in the portable device; wherein the payment transaction has an amount substantially greater than the payment amount for replenishing the supply of fuel in the portable device.
 25. A method according to claim 24 wherein the filling station is located at a business, the payment transaction relates to a purchase of goods or services from the business and then method comprises processing the payment transaction at the same time as, or within ½ minute of permitting the filling station to replenish the supply of fuel in the portable device.
 26. A method according to claim 24 wherein the filling station is located together with a point of sale terminal in a working area and adding a payment amount for replenishing the supply of fuel in the portable device to the payment transaction comprises making an input into the point of sale terminal.
 27. A method according to claim 26 comprising automatically enabling the filling station to transfer fuel to the portable device in response to the input into the point of sale terminal.
 28. A method according to claim 26 wherein connecting the portable device to the filling station is performed by a person who also operates the point of sale terminal.
 29. A method according to claim 26 wherein the filling station and point of sale terminal are connected by an interface and adding the payment amount for replenishing the supply of fuel in the portable device to the payment transaction is performed automatically in the point of sale terminal in response to a signal transmitted from the refilling station to the point of sale terminal by way of the interface. 